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<title>Merge (SQL)</title>

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Merge (SQL)

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A <a href="Relational_database_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational database management system">relational database management system</a> uses <a href="SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">MERGE</code> (also called upsert) statements to <code><a href="Insert_(SQL)" title="Insert (SQL)">INSERT</a></code> new records or <code><a href="Update_(SQL)" title="Update (SQL)">UPDATE</a></code> or <code><a href="Delete_(SQL)" title="Delete (SQL)">DELETE</a></code> existing records depending on whether <a href="Condition_(SQL)" title="Condition (SQL)">condition</a> matches. It was officially introduced in the <a href="SQL%3A2003" title="SQL:2003">SQL:2003</a> standard, and expanded in the <a href="SQL%3A2008" title="SQL:2008">SQL:2008</a> standard.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-tsql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>MERGE INTO tablename USING table_reference ON (condition)

WHEN MATCHED THEN

UPDATE SET column1 = value1 [, column2 = value2 ...]

WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN

INSERT (column1 [, column2 ...]) VALUES (value1 [, value2 ...]);

</pre></div>

A <a href="Join_(SQL)#Right_outer_join" title="Join (SQL)">right join</a> is employed over the Target (the INTO table) and the Source (the USING table / view / sub-query)--where Target is the left table and Source is the right one. The four possible combinations yield these rules:

<ul><li>If the ON field(s) in the Source matches the ON field(s) in the Target, then UPDATE</li>

<li>If the ON field(s) in the Source does not match the ON field(s) in the Target, then INSERT</li>

<li>If the ON field(s) does not exist in the Source but does exist in the Target, then no action is performed.</li>

<li>If the ON field(s) does not exist in either the Source or Target, then no action is performed.</li></ul>

If multiple Source rows match a given Target row, an error is mandated by SQL:2003 standards. You cannot update a Target row multiple times with a MERGE statement

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementations">Implementations</h2></div>

Database management systems <a href="PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a>,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="Oracle_Database" title="Oracle Database">Oracle Database</a>, <a href="IBM_Db2" title="IBM Db2">IBM Db2</a>, <a href="Teradata" title="Teradata">Teradata</a>, <a href="EXASOL" class="mw-redirect" title="EXASOL">EXASOL</a>, <a href="Firebird_(database_server)" title="Firebird (database server)">Firebird</a>, <a href="CUBRID" title="CUBRID">CUBRID</a>, <a href="H2_(DBMS)" class="mw-redirect" title="H2 (DBMS)">H2</a>, <a href="HSQLDB" title="HSQLDB">HSQLDB</a>, <a href="MS_SQL" class="mw-redirect" title="MS SQL">MS SQL</a>, <a href="MonetDB" title="MonetDB">MonetDB</a>, <a href="Vectorwise" class="mw-redirect" title="Vectorwise">Vectorwise</a> and <a href="Apache_Derby" title="Apache Derby">Apache Derby</a> support the standard syntax. Some also add non-standard SQL extensions.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synonymous"> Synonymous</h3></div>

Some database implementations adopted the term upsert (a <a href="Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of update and insert) to a <a href="Database" title="Database">database</a> statement, or combination of statements, that inserts a record to a table in a database if the record does not exist or, if the record already exists, updates the existing record. This synonym is used in <a href="PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a> (v9.5+)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> and <a href="SQLite" title="SQLite">SQLite</a> (v3.24+).<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> It is also used to abbreviate the "MERGE" equivalent pseudo-code.

It is used in <a href="Microsoft_Azure_SQL_Database" title="Microsoft Azure SQL Database">Microsoft Azure SQL Database</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_non-standard_implementations">Other non-standard implementations</h3></div>

Some other database management systems support this, or very similar behavior, through their own, non-standard SQL extensions.

<a href="MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a>, for example, supports the use of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-mysql mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">INSERT ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE</code> syntax<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> which can be used to achieve a similar effect with the limitation that the join between target and source has to be made only on PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE constraints, which is not required in the ANSI/ISO standard. It also supports <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">>REPLACE INTO</code> syntax,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> which first attempts an insert, and if that fails, deletes the row, if exists, and then inserts the new one. There is also an <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IGNORE</code> clause for the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">INSERT</code> statement,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> which tells the server to ignore "duplicate key" errors and go on (existing rows will not be inserted or updated, but all new rows will be inserted).

<a href="SQLite" title="SQLite">SQLite</a>'s <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">INSERT OR REPLACE INTO</code> works similarly. It also supports <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">REPLACE INTO</code> as an alias for compatibility with MySQL.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>

<a href="Firebird_(database_server)" title="Firebird (database server)">Firebird</a> supports <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">MERGE INTO</code> though fails to throw an error when there are multiple Source data rows. Additionally there is a single-row version, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">UPDATE OR INSERT INTO tablename (columns) VALUES (values) [MATCHING (columns)]</code>, but the latter does not give you the option to take different actions on insert versus update (e.g. setting a new sequence value only for new rows, not for existing ones.)

<a href="IBM_Db2" title="IBM Db2">IBM Db2</a> extends the syntax with multiple <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">WHEN MATCHED</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">WHEN NOT MATCHED</code> clauses, distinguishing them with <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">... AND some-condition</code> <a href="Guard_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guard (computing)">guards</a>.

<a href="Microsoft_SQL_Server" title="Microsoft SQL Server">Microsoft SQL Server</a> extends with supporting guards and also with supporting Left Join via <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-tsql mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">WHEN NOT MATCHED BY SOURCE</code> clauses.

<a href="PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a> supports merge since version 15 but previously supported merging via <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-postgresql mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">INSERT INTO ... ON CONFLICT [ conflict_target ] conflict_action</code>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

<a href="CUBRID" title="CUBRID">CUBRID</a> supports <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">MERGE INTO</code><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> statement. And supports the use of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-mysql mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">INSERT ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE</code> syntax.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> It also supports <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">REPLACE INTO</code> for compatibility with MySQL.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

<a href="Apache_Phoenix" title="Apache Phoenix">Apache Phoenix</a> supports <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">UPSERT VALUES</code><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> and <code>UPSERT SELECT</code><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> syntax.

<a href="Apache_Spark#Spark_SQL" title="Apache Spark">Spark SQL</a> supports <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">UPDATE SET *</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">INSERT *</code> clauses in actions.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

<a href="Apache_Impala" title="Apache Impala">Apache Impala</a> supports <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">UPSERT INTO ... SELECT</code>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_in_NoSQL">Usage in NoSQL</h2></div>

A similar concept is applied in some <a href="NoSQL" title="NoSQL">NoSQL</a> databases.

In <a href="MongoDB" title="MongoDB">MongoDB</a> the fields in a value associated with a key can be updated with an <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">update</code> operation. The <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">update</code> raises an error if the key is not found. In the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">update</code> operation it is possible to set the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">upsert</code> flag: in this case a new value is stored associated to the given key if it does not exist, otherwise the whole value is replaced.

In <a href="Redis" title="Redis">Redis</a> the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SET</code> operations sets the value associated with a given key. Redis does not know any detail of the internal structure of the value, so an update would have no meaning. So the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SET</code> operation has always a set or replace semantics.

<ul><li>Join in particular:

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/15/release-15.html">"E.1. Release 15"</a>. PostgreSQL Documentation. 13 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013141239/https://www.postgresql.org/docs/15/release-15.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.postgresqltutorial.com/postgresql-upsert/">"PostgreSQL Upsert Using INSERT ON CONFLICT statement"</a>. PostgreSQL Tutorial. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221128173803/https://www.postgresqltutorial.com/postgresql-tutorial/postgresql-upsert/">Archived</a> from the original on Nov 28, 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sqlite.org/lang_UPSERT.html">upsert</a>", SQLite, visited 6-6-2018.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb510625.aspx">"MERGE (Transact-SQL)"</a>. Transact-SQL Reference (Database Engine). Microsoft Learn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624122818/https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb510625.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on Jun 24, 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/insert-on-duplicate.html">MySQL :: MySQL 5.1 Reference Manual :: 12.2.4.3 INSERT ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE Syntax</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/replace.html">MySQL 5.1 Reference Manual: 11.2.6 REPLACE Syntax</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/insert.html">"MySQL 5.5 Reference Manual :: 13.2.5 INSERT Syntax"</a>. Retrieved 29 October 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sqlite.org/lang_insert.html">"SQL As Understood By SQLite: INSERT"</a>. Retrieved 2012-09-27.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-insert.html">PostgreSQL INSERT page </a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cubrid.org/blog/news/announcing-cubrid-9-0-with-3x-performance-increase-and-sharding-support">"New CUBRID 9.0.0"</a>. CUBRID Official Blog. 2012-10-30. Retrieved 2012-11-08.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cubrid.org/manual/10_0/en/sql/query/insert.html#on-duplicate-key-update-clause">CUBRID :: Data Manipulation Statements :: Insert :: ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE Clause</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cubrid.org/manual/10_0/en/sql/function/string_fn.html#replace">CUBRID :: Data Manipulation Statements :: Replace</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phoenix.apache.org/language/#upsert_values">"UPSERT VALUES"</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phoenix.apache.org/language/#upsert_select">"UPSERT SELECT"</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.databricks.com/spark/latest/spark-sql/language-manual/delta-merge-into.html">"MERGE INTO (Delta Lake on Databricks)"</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://impala.apache.org/docs/build/html/topics/impala_upsert.html">"UPSERT Statement (Apache Impala Documentation)"</a>.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFHsuObe2008" class="citation web cs1">Hsu, Leo; Obe, Regina (May 18, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.postgresonline.com/journal/archives/51-Cross-Compare-of-SQL-Server,-MySQL,-and-PostgreSQL.html">"Cross Compare of SQL Server, MySQL, and PostgreSQL"</a>. Postgres OnLine Journal. Retrieved 8 October 2010.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChodorowMike_Dirolf2010" class="citation book cs1">Chodorow, Kristina; Mike Dirolf (September 2010). MongoDB: The Definitive Guide. <a href="O'Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-449-38156-1</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E11882_01/server.112/e41084/statements_9016.htm#SQLRF01606">Oracle 11g Release 2 documentation</a> on <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">MERGE</code></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firebirdsql.org/refdocs/langrefupd21-merge.html">Firebird 2.1 documentation</a> on <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">MERGE</code></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSEPGG_9.7.0/com.ibm.db2.luw.sql.ref.doc/doc/r0010873.html">DB2 v9 MERGE statement</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb510625.aspx">Microsoft SQL Server documentation</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hsqldb.org/doc/2.0/guide/dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_merge_statement">HSQLdb 2.0 Data Change Statements</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h2database.com/html/grammar.html#merge">H2 (1.2) SQL Syntax page</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="SQL70" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Versions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="SEQUEL" class="mw-redirect" title="SEQUEL">SEQUEL</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="SQL_reserved_words" class="mw-redirect" title="SQL reserved words">Keywords</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Create_(SQL)" class="mw-redirect" title="Create (SQL)">Create</a></li>

<li><a href="Delete_(SQL)" title="Delete (SQL)">Delete</a></li>

<li><a href="Group_by_(SQL)" title="Group by (SQL)">Group by</a></li>

<li><a href="Having_(SQL)" title="Having (SQL)">Having</a></li>

<li><a href="Insert_(SQL)" title="Insert (SQL)">Insert</a></li>

<li><a href="Order_by" title="Order by">Order by</a></li>

<li><a href="Prepare_(SQL)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepare (SQL)">Prepare</a></li>

<li><a href="Select_(SQL)" title="Select (SQL)">Select</a></li>

<li><a href="Truncate_(SQL)" title="Truncate (SQL)">Truncate</a></li>

<li><a href="Set_operations_(SQL)" title="Set operations (SQL)">Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Update_(SQL)" title="Update (SQL)">Update</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Edgar_F._Codd" title="Edgar F. Codd">Edgar Codd</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_database" title="Relational database">Relational database</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ISO/IEC SQL parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Framework</li>

<li>Foundation</li>

<li><a href="SQL/CLI" class="mw-redirect" title="SQL/CLI">Call-Level Interface</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL/PSM" title="SQL/PSM">Persistent Stored Modules</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL/MED" title="SQL/MED">Management of External Data</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL/OLB" title="SQL/OLB">Object Language Bindings</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL/Schemata" title="SQL/Schemata">Information and Definition Schemas</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL/JRT" title="SQL/JRT">SQL Routines and Types for the Java Programming Language</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL/XML" title="SQL/XML">XML-Related Specifications</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-03-31" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Merge_(SQL)&oldid=1283331315">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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